Survey on relational database watermarking techniques

Digital watermarking has been in multimedia data use over the past years. Recently it has become applicable in relational database system not only to secure copyright ownership but also to ensure data contents integrity. Further, it is used in locating tampered and modified places. However, the watermarking relational database has its own requirements, challenges, attacks and limitations. This paper, surveys recent database watermarking techniques focusing on the importance of watermarking relational database, the difference between watermarking relational database and multimedia objects, the issues in watermarking relational database, type of attacks on watermarked database, classifications, distortion introduced and the embedded information. The comparative study shows that watermarking relational database can be an effective tool for copyright protection, tampered detection, and hacker tracing while maintaining the integrity of data contents. In addition, this study explores the current issues in watermarking relational database as well as the significant differences between watermarking multimedia data and relational database contents. Finally, it provides a classification of database watermarking techniques according to the way of selecting the candidate key attributes and tuples, distortion introduced and decoding methods used

HEVC watermarking techniques for authentication and copyright applications: challenges and opportunities

Recently, High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC/H.265) has been chosen to replace previous video coding standards, such as H.263 and H.264. Despite the efficiency of HEVC, it still lacks reliable and practical functionalities to support authentication and copyright applications. In order to provide this support, several watermarking techniques have been proposed by many researchers during the last few years. However, those techniques are still suffering from many issues that need to be considered for future designs. In this paper, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is introduced to identify HEVC challenges and potential research directions for interested researchers and developers. The time scope of this SLR covers all research articles published during the last six years starting from January 2014 up to the end of April 2020. Forty-two articles have met the criteria of selection out of 343 articles published in this area during the mentioned time scope. A new classification has been drawn followed by an identification of the challenges of implementing HEVC watermarking techniques based on the analysis and discussion of those chosen articles. Eventually, recommendations for HEVC watermarking techniques have been listed to help researchers to improve the existing techniques or to design new efficient ones

Robust HEVC video watermarking scheme based on repetition-BCH syndrome code

High efficiency video coding (HEVC) was recently introduced two years ago as the new standard for video coding. This new codec will be the most widely prevalent standard. Because of the industry needs for authentication and copyright protection methodologies the robustness of this standard is required to be developed. This paper presents the first robust digital watermarking method for the HEVC based on Repetition- BCH syndrome code technique without intra-frame distortion drift. The objective of this article is to implement a new technique that can offer high robustness against noise channel errors and increase the error detection rate in the HEVC video sequences transmitted over noisy communication channels. The proposed technique does not significantly affect the video quality, nor does it escalate the bitrate. The results show that the proposed technique offers greater robustness against noise channel while preserving good quality for extracted watermark. The proposed technique significantly contributes to the performance of the error detection and correction. In addition, this technique can recover the watermark when the watermarked frames dropping rate is less than 20%

Recent methods and techniques in video watermarking and their applicability to the next generation video codec

High efficiency video coding (HEVC) is the newest video coding generation of the ITU-T and ISO/IEC, which first appeared in January 2013. It has the advantage of reducing the bit rate by as much as 50 % when compared to H.264 while maintaining the same visual quality. In the last decade, authentication and copyright protection methodologies have become one of the essential items in order to protect video contents by embedding within an efficient video codec. Thus, the objective of this paper is to revise recent developments in the area of watermarking techniques for video coding schemes and their applicability to the new Standard HEVC. The results of this study provide motivation to achieve a higher embedding capacity and higher compression performance for HEVC compared to H.264/AVC especially, for low bitrate coding